1 


LIBRARY 


cfa.;\  Vt.  A5__  -"^^^ 


m 


Field  Museum  of  Natural  History 

Publication  218 

Zoological  Series  Vol.  XII,  No.  4 


NEW  BIRDS  FROM  CENTRAL  PERU 


BY 

John  T.  Zimmer 

Assistant  Curator  of  Birds 


REPORTS  ON  results  OF 
THE  CAPTAIN  MARSHALL  FIELD  EXPEDITIONS 


Wilfred  H.  Osgood 
Curator,  Department  of  Zoology 


^^      NATURAL     ^^^ 
^        HISTORY        ^ 


FOUNDED  BY  MAnSHALL  TIELO  ^ 

Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 

April  19,  1924 


NEW  BIRDS  FROM  CENTRAL  PERU 


BY  JOHN  T.  ZIMMER 


Recent  studies  of  birds  secured  by  the  author,  as  ornithologist 
of  the  Captain  Marshall  Field  Peruvian  Expedition  of  1922,  have 
brought  to  light  a  number  of  apparently  undescribed  subspecies. 
Since  the  full  report  on  the  collection  may  be  delayed,  it  seems 
desirable  to  publish,  in  advance,  the  descriptions  of  these  new  forms. 
With  a  single  exception,  noted  in  its  place,  the  type  specimens  are 
in  Field  Museum.  The  names  of  colors  when  capitalized  are 
according  to  Ridgway's  "Color  Standards  and  Color  Nomenclature." 

Gymnopelia  ceciliae  obsoleta  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  CuUcui,  Marafion  River,  Peru.  Altitude  10,400  feet. 
No.  54005  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected 
December  12,  1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer ;  original  number  3295. 

Diagnosis.  Similar  to  G.  c.  ceciliae  from  the  western  coast-range 
of  Peru,  but  larger  and  with  the  breast  paler,  more  bluish  (less  vinous) 
anteriorly,  with  a  broader  encroachment  of  the  buflfy  color  of  the 
abdomen  spreading  over  the  lower  breast.  Above  darker,  more  grayish 
or  blackish  brown  (less  sandy). 

Habitat.    Upper  Marafion  valley  of  Peru,  in  the  temperate  zone. 

Description  of  type.  General  color  of  upper  parts  Hair-Brown. 
Forehead  whitish,  tinged  with  Cinnamon.  Feathers  of  scapulars  and 
lower  back  tipped  with  buffy  white,  forming  ill-defined  spots.  Rump 
and  upper  tail-coverts  slightly  paler  than  the  back,  and  tipped  with 
Cinnamon.  Chin  and  throat  dull  white,  passing  into  Pinkish  Cinnamon 
on  the  sides  of  the  throat,  and  into  light  Vinaceous  Gray  on  the  fore- 
neck,  darker  at  the  sides.  The  gray. on  the  foreneck  is  more  or  less 
abruptly  replaced  on  the  breast  by  Light  Buff,  deepening  into  Warm 
Buff  on  the  rest  of  the  under  parts.  Sides  of  face  about  eyes  naked, 
Deep  Chrome  in  color.  Surrounding  the  bare  patch  is  a  line  of  black 
feathers,  more  pronounced  above,  becoming  obsolete  on  the  lower  pos- 
terior margin  of  the  orbit.  Primaries,  primary-coverts,  and  secondaries 
deep  black;  tertials  Hair-Brown  tipped  with  a  large,  buffy  white  spot. 
Greater  wing-coverts  black;  remainder  of  upper  wing-coverts  Olive 
Brown  or  Hair-Brown  with  a  large,  terminal,  white  spot.  Under  side 
of  wing  black.    Upper  tail-coverts  and  middle  pair  of  rectrices  Olive 

51 


$2    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

Brown,  tipped  with  buffy  white.  Remainder  of  rectrices  black  with  a 
little  brown  on  outer  web  at  base  and  a  terminal  white  spot,  the  latter 
increasing  in  size  on  the  outermost  feathers.  Iris  white;  bill  black; 
feet  pale  pink;  claws  black.  Tail  very  slightly  double-rounded.  Wing 
io6  mm. ;  tail  87 ;  culmen  12 ;  tarsus  18. 

Female:  Like  the  male  but  smaller,  with  the  breast  paler  (Lilac 
Gray)  and  the  abdomen  lighter  (Pinkish  Buff). 

Specimens  examined: 

G.  c.  ceciliae — Peru:  Hda.  Llagueda  (Otuzco)  i  5   i  2  ;  Macate 

5^4$;  Matucana  1  $  \  Santa  Eulalia  i  $  . 
G.  c.  gymnops — Bolivia :  Puno  i  $  . 
G.  c.  ohsoleta — Peru :  Balsas  i  ?  ;  Cullcui,  Marafion  R.  i  3  ;  i  9  . 

Chalcostig^a  stanleyi  versigfularis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  mountains  near  Huanuco,  Peru.  Altitude  12,200  feet. 
No.  54008  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected 
June  30,  1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer ;  original  number  2474. 

Diagnosis.  Intermediate  between  C.  s.  stanleyi  of  Ecuador  and 
C.  s.  vulcani  of  Bolivia  and  southeastern  Peru.  Compared  with  stanleyi 
the  present  form  averages  slightly  smaller  in  size  but  is  readily  sep- 
arable by  the  color  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  throat-pendant  which  is 
glittering  violet  instead  of  amethyst  red.  The  general  color  of  the 
body  plumage  is  darker  than  in  stanleyi,  and  the  bluish  wash  on  the 
back  is  deeper  and  extends  farther  forward,  while  the  ventral  surface 
is  more  sooty  brown,  with  distinct  bluish  reflections  in  certain  lights. 
Compared  with  C.  s.  vulcani,  the  lower  throat-pendant  is  brighter,  dis- 
tinctly amethystine  or  purplish  on  the  upper  margin,  and  violet  rather 
than  plumbeous  on  the  distal  portion. 

Habitat.  High  mountains  of  central  Peru  at  the  junction  of  the 
temperate  and  puna  zones. 

Description  of  type.  Forehead  and  forepart  of  crown  bronzy  green 
or  Oil  Green.  Hind  part  of  crown  and  nape  blue.  Back  rich  Azurite 
Blue.  Upper  tail-coverts  and  upper  side  of  tail  Dusky  Green  Blue. 
Post-ocular  spot  white.  Sides  of  face  and  margins  of  throat  all  around 
sooty  black.  Chin  and  upper  throat  metallic  green  (Emerald  Green  to 
Vivid  Green)  ;  lower  throat-pendant  on  upper  portion  Violet  Purple, 
changing  to  Blue  Violet  on  the  terminal  portion.  Breast,  flanks  and 
abdomen  Light  Fuscous  with  reflections  of  a  greenish  hue,  in  certain 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  53 

lights  decidedly  bluish.  Breast  feathers  faintly  tipped  with  whitish. 
Crissum  white.  Under  tail-coverts  brown  with  more  or  less  pronounced 
bronzy  green  reflections,  and  broadly  margined  with  white.  Under 
side  of  tail  Dusky  Greenish  Blue.  Under  side  of  wing  Dusky  Dull 
Violet.  Iris  brown;  bill  and  feet  black.  Wing  67  mm.;  tail  57; 
culmen  11. 

Female:  Like  the  male  above  except  for  having  less  blue  on  the 
hind  part  of  crown  and  nape  which  are  like  the  forehead.  Under  parts 
like  those  of  the  male  except  for  the  throat  and  chin  which  are  con- 
color  with  the  breast  and  abdomen.  Several  white  feathers  spotted 
with  black  are  possible  indications  of  immaturity. 

Specimens  examined: 

C.  s.  stanleyi — Ecuador :    El  Corazon  i  $  ;  Mt.  Pichincha  i  $  . 
C.  s.  vulcani — Peru :    Marcapata  i  $  . 

C.  s.  versigularis — Peru  :    Mountains  near  Huanuco  (12,200  ft.) 
35    I?- 

Siptornis  urubambensis  huallagae  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  mountains  near  Huanuco,  Peru.  Altitude  12,200  feet. 
No.  54012  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected 
June  28,  1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer;  original  number  2466. 

Diagnosis.  Color  of  upper  parts  more  intense,  deeper  and  redder 
than  in  the  type  of  5*.  urubambensis  urubambensis.  Streaks  on  the  top 
of  the  head  restricted  to  the  forehead,  not  encroaching  on  the  crown. 
Nape  practically  unstreaked.  No  grayish  edgings  on  the  back.  Post- 
auriculars  clearer  white,  edged  with  deeper  blackish  rufous.  Throat 
and  under  parts  clearer  white  with  margins  to  the  feathers  broader, 
blacker  brown.  Flanks  more  rufous  with  shaft-stripes  broader,  more 
conspicuous.  A  reddish  band  near  the  base  of  inner  primaries  not 
very  distinct,  even  less  marked  than  in  urubambensis.  Bill  and  feet 
(in  dried  skins)  blacker  (base  of  bill  pale,  but  in  female  not  so  pale  as  in 
urubambensis) . 

Habitat.  Mountains  of  central  Peru,  bordering  the  upper  Huallaga 
River  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  temperate  zone.  , 

Description  of  type.  General  color  of  upper  parts  Auburn.  Fore- 
head streaked  with  Ochraceous  Tawny.  Crown  and  occiput  not 
streaked.  Nape  with  very  faint  indications  of  pale  hair-lines,  con- 
cealed in  the  normal  position  of  the  feathers.    Tail  Warm  Sepia  edged 


I 


54    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

with  paler.  Exposed  outer  surface  of  closed  wing  like  the  back.  On 
the  inner  primaries  and  outer  secondaries,  at  their  extreme  bases,  prac- 
tically concealed,  is  a  small  spot  on  both  webs.  Hay's  Brown.  Lores 
and  superciliary  line  white.  Sides  of  face  and  auriculars  white  edged 
with  Seal  Brown  or  blackish.  Sides  of  neck  white  edged  with  the 
color  of  the  back.  Chin  Bright  Ochraceous  Buff ;  extreme  point  white. 
Throat  and  foreneck  white  heavily  margined  or  sub-margined  with 
Seal  Brown,  approaching  Auburn  on  the  sides  of  the  breast.  Center 
of  breast  and  abdomen  unstreaked,  soiled  white.  Flanks  Dresden 
Brown  with  white  shaft-streaks.  Under  tail-coverts  like  flanks.  Under 
side  of  wing-quills  Brownish  Vinaceous.  Under  wing-coverts  whitish, 
tinged  with  vinaceous.  Iris  brown;  bill  and  feet  brownish  black, 
lower  base  of  bill  paler.  Wing  65  mm. ;  tail  86 ;  culmen  from  base  19 ; 
tarsus  2.^. 

Female:  Like  the  male  but  chin  deeper, — Orange  Buff.  Wing 
59  mm.;  tail  76;  culmen  from  base  18;  tarsus  26. 

Specimens  examined: 

S.  u.  urubambensis — Peru :    Machu  Picchu  2  $  29  . 
S.  u.  huallagae — Peru:    Mountains  near  Huanuco  (12^00  ft.) 
1$    1$. 

Cranioleuca  baroni  capitalis  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  La  Quinua,  Peru.  Altitude  12,000  feet.  No.  54015 
Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected  May  14, 
1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer;  original  number  2217. 

Diagnosis.  Most  nearly  allied  to  C.  baroni  baroni  of  northwestern 
Peru  (Marafion  valley),  but  differs  in  several  characters.  The  crown 
is  much  paler  (Dark  Hazel  in  baroni),  the  wings  and  tail  are  slightly 
paler,  the  former  with  a  more  rufescent  tinge  on  the  tertials  and 
the  latter  sometimes  with  well-marked  dark  patches  on  the  middle 
rectrices  (absent  in  baroni).  Distinct  white  centers  to  the  feathers 
on  the  sides  of  the  neck  and  breast  and  on  the  lower  breast  which  are, 
in  turn,  darker  than  in  baroni,  form  an  unmistakable  character,  and 
white  tips  to  the  under  tail-coverts  with  occasional  russet  shaft-lines 
are,  apparently,  not  present  in  the  typical  race. 

Habitat.    Central  Peru  at  high  elevations. 

Description  of  type.  Whole  top  of  head  Tawny;  the  feathers  of 
the  occiput  long,  forming  a  sort  of  crest.    Back  Dark  Grayish  Olive, 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  55 

paler  on  the  rump;  feathers  of  hindneck  like  back,  lightly  edged  with 
blackish.  Chin  and  throat  pure  white  with  a  few  faint  blackish  tips 
to  the  feathers.  Lores  white  at  base,  more  or  less  tipped  with  black. 
A  distinct  white  superciliary  stripe  from  the  base  of  the  nostril  to 
the  posterior  border  of  the  auriculars.  Upper  portion  of  auriculars 
Sooty  Brown  with  paler  shafts ;  lower  portion  white  with  dusky  edges. 
Malar  region  white  with  some  Grayish  Olive  edges  and  tips.  Post- 
auriculars  and  sides  of  neck  Dark  Grayish  Olive  with  broad  white 
centers  to  the  feathers,  forming  spots  or  streaks.  Foreneck  and  chest 
white  with  more  or  less  distinct  grayish  tips  and  edges;  lower  breast 
and  abdomen  darker,  grayish,  passing  into  Olive  Gray  on  the  lower 
abdomen,  the  feathers  with  narrow  but  distinct  white  shaft-lines.  Sides 
Olive  Gray  with  broad  white  shaft-streaks,  passing  into  clear  Olive 
Gray  on  the  flanks.  Under  side  of  tail  bright  Russet.  Under  tail- 
coverts  Deep  Grayish  Olive  with  white  tips  and  the  longer  ones  with 
ruf escent  shafts.  Upper  side  of  tail  Hazel  with  more  or  less  Olivaceous 
Black  on  the  inner  webs  of  the  middle  pair,  (sometimes  reaching  to 
the  base  of  the  feathers).  Remiges  Fuscous  with  inner  margins 
Pale  Ochraceous  Buff;  outer  margins  Hazel;  outer  margins  of  tertials 
olivaceous  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  linear  patch  of  Hazel  along  the 
outer  edge  of  the  shaft.  Upper  wing-coverts  Hazel  with  concealed 
portions  black.  Under  wing-coverts  Buffy  White  with  Hazel  toward 
the  bend  of  the  wing.  Iris  brown;  bill  Blackish  Brown;  feet  Dusky 
Olive  Green.    Wing  80  mm. ;  tail  92 ;  culmen  18 ;  tarsus  23. 

Female:     Similar  to  the  male. 

The  original  description  of  Cranioleuca  haroni  is  very  inadequate, 
but  Count  Berlepsch,  who  sent  the  type  to  Salvin,  has  left  in  his  manu- 
script notes,  a  particularly  complete  diagnosis  of  the  same  specimen. 
Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Hellmayr,  I  have  had  access  to  this 
description,  which  I  have  found  to  agree  in  all  details  with  a  specimen 
from  the  upper  Marafion  valley. 

The  species  is  quite  distinct  from  Cranioleuca  albicapilla,  although 
its  affinities  are  with  that  form. 

Specimens  examined: 

C.  b.  baroni — Peru:    Cullcui,  Marafion  R.  (10,400  ft.)   1$  , 

C.  b.  capitalis — Peru:  La  Quinua  (12,000  ft.)  1$  39  ; 
Mountains  near  Huanuco  (10,500  ft.)  i  5  ;  Mountains  near 
Panao  (10,300  ft.)  2$. 


S6    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

Cranioleuca  albicapilla  albigula  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Machu  Picchu,  (Cedrobamba),  Urubamba  Valley,  Peru. 
Altitude  12,000  feet.  No.  273175,  U.  S.  National  Museum.  Adult 
male.    Collected  June  14,  1915  by  E.  Heller;  original  number  175. 

Diagnosis.  Similar  to  C.  a.  albicapilla  but  darker  and  more  oliva- 
ceous brown  above  and  below  except  for  the  throat  which  is  snowy 
white  in  a  broad  patch,  conspicuous  against  the  deep  ochraceous  sides 
of  neck  and  breast.  The  crown  is  deeper  cinnamomeus  without  blackish 
tips  to  the  feathers. 

,  Habitat.    Highlands  of  Urubamba  valley,  Peru. 

Description  of  type.  Forehead  and  crown  Light  Pinkish  Cinnamon, 
deepening  on  the  distal  portion  of  the  elongated  crest  feathers  to  Pink- 
ish Cinnamon  or  Cinnamon,  without  blackish  tips  as  in  C.  a.  albicapilla. 
Semi-concealed  occiput  and  the  nape  Brownish  Olive,  the  former  with 
subterminal  patches  of  Cinnamon.  Back  and  scapulars  Light  Brownish 
Olive,  passing  into  Buckthorn  Brown  or  Isabella  color  on  the  rump 
and  upper  tail-coverts.  Lores  black  at  tips,  white  or  whitish  at  bases. 
An  inconspicuous  whitish  superciliary  line  reaching  to  posterior  border 
of  auriculars.  Postocular  region  dull  Buckthorn  Brown  at  tips  of 
feathers,  white  or  whitish  anteriorly.  Malar  region  white  anteriorly, 
faintly  washed  with  Ochraceous,  about  the  middle  of  the  auriculars 
becoming  nearly  pure  Yellow  Ochre  which  passes  into  Clay  Color  on 
the  sides  of  breast  and  extends,  somewhat  paler  and  duller,  across  the 
middle  of  the  breast.  The  whole  chin  and  throat  is  snowy  white  (which 
passes  up  to  the  anterior  auriculars,  broken  only  by  the  slight  ochra- 
ceous wash  on  the  malar  region).  Middle  of  breast  dull  Cinnamon 
Buff  passing  into  Light  Brownish  Olive  on  the  abdomen  and  Isabella 
color  on  the  flanks.  Remiges  Fuscous  Black,  the  inner  ones  edged 
externally  with  Olive  Brown.  Primary-coverts  black.  Upper  wing- 
coverts  on  exposed  webs  Bright  Hazel;  on  concealed  inner  webs  black- 
ish. Axillaries  Pale  Ochraceous  Buff.  Under  wing-coverts  and  bend 
of  wing  Pinkish  Cinnamon.  Rectrices  dark  Cinnamon-Rufous;  shafts 
beneath  the  same,  above  black.  Bill  (in  dried  skins)  Snuff  Brown, 
blacker  at  tip,  paler  at  lower  base ;  feet  Snuff  Brown.  Wing  72  mm. ; 
tail  86;  culmen  16;  tarsus  22. 

The  single  specimen  of  this  form  is  very  clearly  distinguished  from 
typical  albicapilla  from  Maraynioc.  That  its  differences  are  not  to  be 
attributed  to  individual  variation  I  am  reassured  by  a  manuscript  nota- 
tion made  by  Count  Berlepsch  on  five  specimens  of  6'.  albicapilla  from 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  57 

the  Urubamba  valley,  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Hellmayr.  Count 
Berlepsch  found  the  Urubamba  birds  to  differ  from  Maraynioc  speci- 
mens by  having  a  purer  white  throat,  more  fulvous  under  parts  and 
deeper  buffy  crown,  the  same  characteristics  which  mark  the  type  of 
the  present  form. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Charles  W.  Richmond  for  permission  to 
describe  the  above  proposed  new  form  which  was  discovered  among 
specimens  borrowed  for  comparative  study  from  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

Specimens  examined: 

C.  a.  albicapilla — Peru:  Maraynioc  (10,850  ft.)  i  ^   2  9    i  ?. 
P.a.albigula — Peru:  Cedrobamba  (12,000  ft.)   1$. 

Xenops  minutus  obsoletus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Puerto  Bermudez,  Peru.  No.  54022  Field  Museum 
of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected  March  15,  1923  by  J. 
T.  Zimmer;  original  number  3494. 

Diagnosis.  Most  nearly  allied  to  X.  m.  ruficaudus,  but  differs  in 
being  more  olivaceous  above;  the  head  not  distinctly  darker  than  the 
back,  not  edged  or  tipped  with  blackish,  and  with  only  faint  pale  hair- 
lines in  place  of  the  broad  median  streaks  of  ruficaudus;  the  rump 
scarcely  brighter  than  the  back;  the  middle  tail  feathers  paler,  more 
orchraceous ;  below  somewhat  duller  with  the  chest  less  broadly  marked 
with  whitish  or  buffy.  From  X.  m.  genibarbis  it  differs  in  very  slightly 
more  streaked  head,  more  olive  back,  duller  rump,  duller,  less  rufescent 
wings,  more  heavily  spotted  throat,  more  olivaceous  and  less  grayish 
abdomen,  paler  upper  surface  of  tail,  and  darker  breast.  From  X.  m. 
littoralis  it  differs  in  being  duller,  more  olive  and  less  rufescent  above, 
especially  on  the  rump,  with  the  crown  less  streaked,  the  chin  and  throat 
whiter,  less  yellowish,  the  breast  feathers  browner  on  the  edges,  and 
the  tertials,  the  wing-bar,  and  the  rectrices  less  rufous. 

Habitat.     Peru  and  probably  upper  Amazonia.  , 

Description  of  type.  Top  of  head  and  back  Brussels  Brown,  the 
former  with  faint  indications  of  pale  shaft-lines;  rump  slightly  paler 
(approaching  Sudan  Brown)  ;  upper  tail-coverts  somewhat  lighter 
(between  Sudan  Brown  and  Mars  Yellow).  Chin  and  fore  part 
of  throat  Ivory  White  with  slight,  Blackish-Brown  tips  to  the  feathers 
giving  the  throat  a  spotted  appearance.    On  the  lower  throat  and  chest 


S8    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

the  discal  portion  of  the  feathers  is  deeper  (nearer  Clay  Color)  with 
broad  edges  and  tips  Light  Brownish  Olive,  the  pale  discs  becoming 
obsolete  on  the  lower  breast,  abdomen,  flanks  and  under  tail-coverts, 
which  are  plain,  Light  Brownish  Olive.  Lores  whitish.  SuperciUary 
line  Cinnamon  Buff  (sometimes  whitish),  broader  posteriorly.  Auricu- 
lars  Mummy  Brown  with  pale  shaft-lines.  A  broad  subauricular  patch 
pure  white.  Primaries  and  secondaries  blackish  crossed  by  a  broad 
transverse  spot.  Light  Buff  on  inner  margin,  Ochraceous  Buff  on  outer, 
forming  a  conspicuous  wing-bar  on  either  the  closed  or  opened  wing. 
Outermost  primary  edged  externally  with  Whitish  Buff.  Tertials 
Brussels  Brown,  edged  with  paler.  Primary-coverts  black.  Upper 
wing-coverts  blackish,  edged  with  Dresden  Brown.  Alula  blackish, 
outer  webs  Drab.  Bend  of  wing  Ochraceous  Tawny.  Under  wing- 
coverts  Deep  Ochraceous  Buff.  Middle  pair  of  rectrices  Ochraceous 
Tawny;  second  and  third  pairs  black;  fourth  pair  black  with  Ochra- 
ceous Tawny  tips,  longer  on  outer  webs;  fifth  pair  like  fourth  but 
black  more  restricted;  sixth  almost  entirely  Ochraceous  Tawny  with 
black  only  on  basal  half  of  inner  web  and  at  extreme  base  of  outer 
one.  Iris  Deep  Brown;  bill  Fuscous,  white  at  lower  base;  feet  pale 
blue.    Wing  64  mm.;  tail  50;  culmen  16;  tarsus  16. 

Female:     Like  male  but  apparently  very  slightly  paler  and  duller. 

The  names  minutus  and  ruficaudus  which  have  been  resurrected  in 
the  study  of  this  new  form  are  treated  below  under  their  respective 
heads. 

Specimens  examined: 

X.  m.  minutus — Brazil :  S.  Paulo  i  ?  . 
X.  m.  genibarbis — Brazil :  Para,  Benevides  4$    i  ?  . 
X.  m.  ruficaudus — Brazil :  Conceicao  i  $  ;  Manaos  i  $  .  French 
Guiana :  Mana  1  $ ,;  Pied  Saut   i  $  ;  Tamanoir  73    4 9  ; 
I  $  ?.  Venezuela:  Upper  Caura  R.  3  5  3  9;  (loc.  incert.)  i. 
X.  m.  littoralis — Ecuador :  Chimbo  i  9  ;  Lita  i  $  . 
X.  m.  obsoletus — Peru :  Huachipa,  Huallaga  R.  i  9  ;  Puerto  Ber- 
,  mudez  i  $  ;  Rio  Colorado,  Chanchamayo  i  9  . 

Xenops  minutus  minutus  (Sparrmann). 

Turdus  minutus  Sparrmann,  Mus.  Carlsonianum,  Fasc.  3,  pi.  68, 

1788 — loc.  ign. 
Xenops  genibarbis  Sundevall,  Kon.  Vetensk.  Ak.  Handl.,  2,  No. 

3,  p.  II,  1857. 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  59 

Xenops  genibarhis  pelselni  Hellmayr,  Novit.  Zool.,  14,  p.  55, 
March  1907.  , 

The  name  minutus  for  the  form  of  Xenops  genibarhis  inhabiting 
extreme  southeastern  Brazil,  appears  to  have  been  entirely  overlooked 
by  recent  authors.  Sparrmann's  plate  is  unrecognizable,  but  Sundevall, 
who  examined  the  type  in  the  Stockholm  Museum,  recognized  the 
generic  affinities  of  the  specimen  and  recorded  it  as  X.  genibarhis.  He 
characterized  the  original  drawing  as  "baud  bene  delineata" !  More 
recently,  Dr.  Hellmayr,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  synonomy  and 
for  permission  to  utilize  a  note  from  his  correspondence,  sent  speci- 
mens of  various  races  of  genibarhis  to  Dr.  Einar  Lonnberg  of  the 
Museum  of  Stockholm,  with  a  request  for  a  comparison  with  the  type 
of  Turdus  minutus.  Dr.  Lonnberg's  reply  (dated  April  5,  1922) 
pronounced  X.  g.  pelselni  to  be  undoubtedly  identical  with  minutus.  As 
the  latter  is  the  oldest  name  in  the  group,  it  must  replace  genibarhis 
as  the  specific  title,  and  the  species  must  be  known  hereafter  as  Xenops 
minutus.  The  typical  race  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  small  bill  and 
bright  coloration,  with  nearly  immaculate  whitish  chin  and  throat. 

Xenops  minutus  ruficaudus  Vieillot. 

Xenops  ruficaudus  Vieillot,  Analyse  Ornith.  elem.,  p.  68,  1816— 

Guiana. 
,    Xenops  approximans   Pelzeln,    Sitzb,   Akad.    Wien.    mathem., 

Naturwiss,   CI.,   34,  pp.    113,    133,    1859 — "Brasilia"    (Rio 

Negro,  Rio  Madeira,  etc.). 
Xenops  genibarhis  genibarhis  Hellmayr,   Novit,  Zool.,   14^  pp. 

54-5  (part),  1907. 

The  present  race  of  X.  minutus,  inhabiting  the  region  from  the 
ruianas  and  southern  Venezuela  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Negro  and 
possibly  the  lower  Rio  Madeira,  apparently  is  quite  distinct  from  X.  m. 
genibarhis  from  the  Para  district  of  Brazil.  It  differs  in  the  strongly 
streaked  crown,  more  heavily  spotted  throat,  and  generally  darker, 
more  olivaceous  breast  and  abdomen.  Birds  from  Manaos  and  Con- 
ceicao  are  inseparable  from  typical  Guiana  specimens.  As  these  locali- 
ties are  in  the  region  where  Natterer  secured  the  type  specimens  of 
approximans  (at  least  three  of  his  birds  being  from  Manaos),  and  as 
Pelzeln  particularly  noted  the  yellowish  shaft  stripes  on  the  crown  as 
distinctive  characters  of  approximans,  in  the  original  description  of  that 
form,  it  seems  unquestionable  that  approximans  is  a  synonym  of  rufi- 
caudus and  not  of  genibarhis.    Since  no  type  locality  has  been  selected 


6o    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

heretofore,  I  hereby  designate  Manaos  as  type  locality.  Specimen  No. 
193 1 3  of  the  Vienna  Museum,  $  ,  taken  at  Manaos,  on  October  5, 
1830,  by  Natterer  is  one  of  the  original  "co-types." 

Euchlornis  sclateri  pallidigula  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Huachipa,  upper  Huallaga  River,  Peru.  Altitude  4,100 
feet.  No.  54025  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male. 
Collected  October  3,  1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer;  original  number  2977. 

Diagnosis.  Similar  to  E.  s.  sclateri  from  Ecuador,  but  wing  shorter 
and  tail  longer,  the  back  slightly  paler,  the  belly  less  yellowish,  the 
throat  and  chest  with  more  yellow  at  the  sides  and  on  the  subterminal 
portions  of  the  feathers,  modifying  the  carmine  of  the  feather-tips  to 
a  general  effect  of  scarlet,  the  tail  possibly  a  little  more  broadly  tipped 
with  white. 

Habitat.    Tropical  forest  of  central  Peru,  at  moderate  elevations. 

Description  of  type.  Entire  upper  surface  of  body  bright  green 
(between  Rinneman's  Green  and  Scheele's  Green),  more  yellowish  in 
certain  lights,  more  bluish  in  others.  Upper  surface  of  tail  the  same 
with  a  dusky  wash,  the  rectrices  narrowly  tipped  with  yellowish  white. 
Wing-coverts  like  the  back;  the  greater  series  and  the  primary-coverts 
with  faint,  pale  yellowish  tips.  Remiges  dull  black,  exteriorly  edged 
with  Scheele's  Green,  becoming  whitish  near  the  tips  of  outer  primaries ; 
subterminal  portion  of  remiges  blackish,  tipped  with  white;  on  the 
tertials  the  black  is  reduced  to  a  narrow  subterminal  bar  while  the 
white  tip  is  more  extended.  Lores  and  sides  of  face  like  the  back. 
Chin  and  throat  Pomegranate  Purple  with  broad  yellow  (Lemon  Yel- 
low or  Lemon  Chrome)  subterminal  portions  and  white  bases,  the  sub- 
terminal  yellow  showing  through  the  purple  tips  and  giving  the  area  a 
general  effect  of  Scarlet ;  chin  more  yellow,  with  smaller  purple  tips 
and  with  a  number  of  long,  curved,  black  bristles.  Chest,  like 
throat  but  with  the  yellow  concealed;  sides  of  throat  and  chest 
more  or  less  pure  Lemon  Chrome,  the  tips  of  the  feathers  slightly 
washed  with  purple.  Lower  breast,  sides  and  flanks  Rinneman's 
Green  with  faint  touches  of  Dull  Greenish  Yellow  at  tips.  Center  of 
abdomen  clear  Dull  Greenish- Yellow.  Under  tail-coverts  bright  Chal- 
cedony Yellow.  Under  wing-coverts  Rinneman's  Green;  axillaries 
light  Dull  Greenish  Yellow;  bend  of  wing  Citron  Yellow.  Iris  Light 
Viridine  Green;  bill  Orange  at  base,  black  at  tip;  feet  Deep  Chrome, 
claws  black.     Wing  71  mm.;  tail  48;  tarsus  18;  culmen  14. 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  61 

Euchlornis  sclateri  was  described  by  Cornalia  in  1852  from  a  speci- 
men which  was  without  data  and  which  he  first  ascribed  to  Peru,  and 
the  following  year  to  Bolivia,  both  localities  being  pure  surmises. 
Sclater,  who  examined  the  type  prior  to  its  description  and  who  pointed 
out  the  distinctness  of  the  form  to  Cornalia,  in  1854  assumed  the  orig- 
inal locality  to  be  Ecuador  and  recorded  other  specimens  from  that 
country.  Since  that  time  additional  specimens  have  been  taken  in 
Ecuador  and  that  region  has  come  to  be  regarded  as  the  sole  habitat  of 
the  species.  The  discovery  of  a  distinct  race  in  the  mountains  of 
central  Peru  necessitates  either  the  renaming  of  the  Ecuadorean  form 
or  the  fixation  of  eastern  Ecuador  as  the  type  locality  of  sclateri.  In 
view  of  the  more  extended  knowledge  of  the  northern  race,  the  latter 
expedient  appears  to  be  the  more  desirable  one,  and  accordingly  I  have 
described  the  Peruvian  race  as  new.  The  type  locality  of  sclateri  may 
be  taken  as  "Quixos,  eastern  Ecuador." 

Specimens  examined: 

E.  s.  sclateri — Ecuador :  Rio  Suno  (?)  2$  . 
,    E.  s.  pallidigula — Peru :  Huachipa  2  $  . 

Phrygilus  alaudinus  bipartitus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Cajamarca,  Peru.  No.  50024  Field  Museum  of  Natural 
History.  Adult  male  in  breeding  plumage.  Collected  April  17,  1912 
by  W.  H.  Osgood  and  M.  P.  Anderson ;  original  number  2746. 

Diagnosis.  General  form  and  color  of  P.  a.  alaudinus  and  P.  a. 
excelsus,  but  clearly  separable  by  the  deep  gray  of  the  throat  and  fore- 
neck  sharply  defined  against  the  clear  white  of  the  lower  breast  and 
abdomen.  In  typical  alaudinus  the  throat  and  chest  are  pale  gray 
(Deep  Gull  Gray  to  Dark  Gull  Gray)  paling  gradually  into  white  on 
the  center  of  the  abdomen,  with  more  or  less  ochraceous  on  the  flanks. 
In  excelsus  the  gray  is  deeper  (Slate  Gray  to  Slate  Color)  on  the  fore 
parts  beneath,  graduating  into  grayish  white  on  the  abdomen.  In 
bipartitus  the  gray  is  still  darker,  sometimes  blackish  on  the  chin,  and 
is  sharply  contrasted  with  the  white  of  the  posterior  regions. 

Habitat.    Central  and  western  Andes  of  middle  and  northern  Peru, 

possibly  to  southwestern  Ecuador. 

Description  of  type.  Top  of  head  Blackish  Slate,  becoming  paler 
(Slate  Gray)  on  the  upper  back.  Interscapular  region  and  lower  back 
with  feathers  Slate  Gray  at  base,  broadly  centered  with  black  toward 
their  tips  and  with  Cinnamon  Brown  edges.    Rump  Slate  Gray  with  a 


62    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

faint  brownish  wash.  Middle  tail  feathers  Snuff  Brown  with  the  edges 
white  at  base.  Remainder  of  the  tail  Fuscous  Black  with  a  white  spot 
on  the  middle  of  each  rectrix  on  the  inner  web  only.  Lores  Sooty 
Black.  Chin  Blackish  Slate.  The  throat,  sides  of  face,  and  the  chest 
Slate  Color,  terminating  abruptly  on  the  middle  of  the  breast.  Lower 
breast,  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  white.  Flanks  whitish,  with  a 
faint  buffy  wash  on  outer  edge.  Wings  Fuscous,  the  primaries  edged 
narrowly  with  white,  the  secondaries  with  Dull  Gray  and  the  tertials 
with  Cinnamon  Brown,  Upper  wing-coverts  blackish,  margined  with 
grayish  white.  Scapulars  like  back.  Under  wing-coverts  Slate  Gray 
with  some  faint  white  tips  to  the  feathers.  (Iris  Dark  Umber;  bill 
Mustard  Yellow ;  feet  Naples  Yellow*) .  Wing  75  mm. ;  tail  59 ;  culmen 
13;  tarsus  23. 

Female :  Whole  upper  parts  streaked,  with  blackish  centers  to 
the  feathers  and  Snuff  Brown  or  Cinnamon  Brown  edges,  the 
interscapulars  slightly  grayish  and  the  lower  rump  with  less  black 
streaking.  Lores  and  circumocular  space  buffy  white.  Auriculars 
Tawny  Olive,  with  faint  indications  of  darker  centers  to  the  feathers. 
Chin  whitish.  Throat  and  chest  white,  washed  w^ith  buff  and 
streaked  with  Blackish  Brown,  the  streaked  buffy  area  terminating 
abruptly,  being  succeeded  by  the  purer  white  of  the  lower  breast 
and  abdomen.  Flanks  white,  outwardly  streaked  like  the  breast. 
Remiges  and  rectrices  as  in  the  male  but  browner.  Upper  wing- 
coverts  margined  with  whitish  or  pale  gray.  Under  wing-coverts 
Pale  Gull  Gray.  Iris  Raw  Umber;  bill  Olive  Brown;  feet  Naples 
Yellow.    Wing  70  mm.;  tail  52;  culmen  13;  tarsus  20. 

Juvenal  male :  Above  like  adult  female  but  all  the  edges  to  the 
feathers  light  Ochraceous  Tawny,  and  their  blackish  centers 
broader  and  more  sooty.  Auriculars  with  more  or  less  distinct 
shaft-stripes  of  dark  brown.  Chin  Ivory  Yellow.  Throat  and  chest 
Pale  Cream  Buff,  the  former  with  ill-concealed  gray  bases  and  light 
shaft-streaks  of  dark  brown.  Chest  heavily  streaked  with  Chaetura 
Black,  the  streaks  and  the  buff  of  the  breast  abruptly  terminated  as 
in  the  adult  female.  Tail  tipped  with  Ochraceous  Buff.  Primary- 
coverts  tipped  with  buffy  white.  Upper  wing-coverts  with  whitish 
edgings  and  dark  discs,  the  latter  pointed  distally;  lesser  series 
margined  with  grayish  white.    Iris,  bill,  and  feet  as  in  adult  female. 

Adult  male  in  non-breeding  plumage:  Similar  to  breeding 
plumage  but  the  dorsal  feathers  streaked  with  black  and  broadly 

♦Colors  of  soft  parts  taken  from  a  specimen  in  the  flesh,  not  the  type. 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  63 

edged  with  Cinnamon  or  Sayal  Brown;  the  tertials  Deep  Black 
bordered  with  rich  Auburn ;  the  breast  washed  with  pale  brown  on 
the  tips;  the  bill  decidedly  tinged  with  brown. 

Soon  after  the  breeding  period,  apparently  in  late  May,  both 
sexes  undergo  a  complete  molt.  The  female  assumes  a  plumage 
not  very  different  from  the  breeding  plumage,  but  deeper  in  tone  of 
coloration.  Just  before  the  breeding  time,  in  January  or  February, 
a  partial  molt  occurs  in  which  the  sharp  gray  fore  parts  with  a 
minimum  of  brown  on  the  back  are  obtained.  The  bill  then  changes, 
in  the  male,  to  the  characteristic  bright  yellow  of  the  breeding  bird. 
This  molt  may  be  protracted,  in  part,  almost  until  the  complete 
molt,  and  a  s|>ecimen  taken  May  i  shows  the  remains  of  brown 
streaked  plumage  on  the  occipital  region  while  the  remiges  and 
rectrices  are  very  worn,  and  the  bill  is  very  bright.  Some  adult 
males  show  traces  of  black  streaks  without  brown  edges  on  the 
occiput  and  nape.  One  male  from  Cajamarca  has  a  rich  cinnamon 
back  streaked  with  black.  These  are,  apparently,  extremes  of 
individual  variation.  Most  of  the  breeding  birds  show  a  slight 
admixture  of  brown  on  the  dorsal  feathers.  What  appear  to  be 
males  in  first  annual  plumage  are  like  non-breeding  adults  but  with 
faint  brownish  stripes  on  the  breast. 

Specimens  examined: 

P.  a.  alaudinus — Chile :  Domeyko  1  S    i  9  ;  Olmue,  Valparaiso 
,     1  $  ;  Paiguano  2^1$;  Romadillo  i  $  ;  Romero  i  ?  ;  Tam- 

billo  I  $  ;  (loc.  incert.)  i  $ . 
P.  a.  excelsus — Bolivia :  Cochabamba  3  ^    i  $  ,  Peru :  Puno  2  $  . 
P.  a.  bipartitus — Peru :  Cajamarca  35    i  ?  ;  Huanuco  3  ^    i  9  ; 

Macate  35  ;  Matucana  35    (i  juv.);  Milluachaqui  2$  ; 

Vitarte  i  S  .  , 

Phrygilus  fruticeti  peruvianus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  Matucana,  Peru.  No.  54034  Field  Museum  of  Natural 
History.  Adult  male  in  breeding  plumage.  Collected  April  28,  1922 
by  J.  T.  Zimmer;  original  number  2130. 

Diagnosis,—  Similar  to  P.  f.  fruticeti  of  Chile  but  somewhat  smaller 
and  with  the  dorsal  streaking  much  broader  and  heavier;  females  and 
males  in  non-breeding  plumage  brighter  rufescent  above,  as  well  as 
more  heavily  streaked. 


64    Field  Museum  of  Natural  History — ^Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

Habitat.    Highlands  of  Peru. 

description  of  type.  Forehead  and  lores  black,  the  former  with 
faint  indications  of  grayish  tips  to  the  feathers.  Crown,  occiput  and 
nape  Deep  Gull  Gray  with  black  shaft-stripes,  narrower  on  the  hind- 
neck.  Back  and  scapulars  Slate  Gray  with  very  broad  black  shaft- 
stripes,  the  feathers  of  the  lower  back  with  faint  indications  of  brown 
tips.  Rump  clear  Deep  Gull  Gray ;  upper  tail-coverts  paler  with  whitish 
tips,  the  longer  ones  with  black  shaft-stripes.  Tail  black  with  the  re- 
mains of  whitish  exterior  edgings;  inner  margins  of  central  feathers 
Fuscous;  tips  of  all  the  rectrices  inconspicuously  gray,  those  of  outer 
rectrices  broad.  Fore  part  of  cheeks  black.  Auriculars  and  sides  of 
neck  Deep  Gull  Gray.  Chin,  throat  and  middle  of  breast  black,  the 
color  extending  downward  over  the  upper  margin  of  abdomen  in  the 
middle.  Sides  of  breast  and  flanks  Deep  Gull  Gray  concolor  with 
sides  of  neck,  with  a  few  flecks  of  black  at  tips  of  shafts.  Center  of 
abdomen  Buffy  White.  Under  tail-coverts  purer  white.  Wings  black ; 
primaries  and  secondaries  finely  edged  exteriorly  with  white,  brownish 
toward  tips;  tertials  with  remains  of  fuscous  edgings;  middle  and 
greater  wing-coverts  black  with  a  large  white  spot  on  the  outer  webs 
at  the  tip,  these  spots  forming  two  broad  white  wing-bars ;  lesser  series 
black,  edged  with  gray.  Under  wing-coverts  and  axillaries  Deep  Gull 
Gray  with  blackish  bases.  Iris  Raw  Umber;  bill  Mustard  Yellow; 
feet  pale  Mustard  Yellow.    Wing  19  mm. ;  tail  76;  culmen  15 ;  tarsus  25. 

Male  in  non-breeding  plumage,  freshly  molted:  Similar  to 
breeding  male  but  the  head,  back,  sides  and  flanks  with  Ochraceous 
Tawny  tips  and  edges  almost  entirely  concealing  the  gray  middle 
portion.  Throat  and  breast  with  the  black  feathers  broadly  tipped 
with  pale  gray.  Abdomen  suffused  with  Pale  Pinkish  Buff.  Maxilla 
Hazel;  mandible  Ochraceous  Tawny;  feet  Russet. 

Female :  Upper  surface  streaked,  the  feathers  centered  with 
Bister,  edged  on  the  crown  and  forehead  with  Smoke  Gray  or  pale 
Qay  Color, — on  the  nape  and  hindneck  broadly  with  Pale  Neutral 
Gray, — on  the  back  and  scapulars  with  Ochraceous  Tawny. 
Rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  Light  Grayish  Olive,  the  latter  with 
narrow  brown  shaft-streaks.  Tail  Olive  Brown  or  Bister,  with  more 
or  less  whitish  external  edgings  and  pale  tips.  Wings  as  in  adult 
male  but  browner.  Lores  and  superciliary  stripe  dull  white.  Auric- 
ulars Tawny  Olive  or  Clay  Color,  with  darker  tips.  A  more  or  less 
distinct  whitish  malar  stripe  surmounting  a  second  stripe  of  Clove 
Brown,  the  latter  sometimes  obscured  by  pale  tips  to  the  feathers. 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  65 

Chin,  throat  and  foreneck  Buffy  White,  the  first  unspotted,  the  last 
two  with  brown  shaft-streaks  and  more  or  less  distinct  sub-basal 
bars  or  spots  of  the  same  color.  Breast  duller  or  grayer,  with  shaft- 
lines  and  spots  broader,  Clove  Brown.  Lower  breast  and  flanks 
whitish  with  the  brown  shaft-lines  narrow  and  hair-like,  and  with- 
out basal  spots.  Flanks  more  or  less  heavily  washed  with  Clay 
Color.  Center  of  abdomen  white.  Under  tail-coverts  Pale  Buff 
with  brown  shaft-lines.  Iris  Raw  Umber;  bill  Cinnamon  Brown, 
darker  on  the  culmen ;  feet  Cinnamon. 

Male  in  first  annual  plumage :  General  color  above  like  adult 
female,  but  with  the  edges  to  the  feathers  of  head  and  neck  slightly 
more  grayish.  Ear-coverts  with  a  more  or  less  faint  admixture  of 
gray  basally.  Throat  and  upper  breast  with  the  black  at  the  bases 
of  the  feathers  more  or  less  completely  obscured  by  white  tips. 
Lower  breast  dull  Grayish  White  with  brown  shaft  streaks.  Flanks 
and  sides  with  an  ochraceous  suffusion  and  with  some  shaft-streaks 
of  brown.  Center  of  abdomen  white,  tinged  with  buff.  Under  tail- 
coverts  pale  buff  with  the  shaft  lines  obsolete.  Iris,  bill  and  feet  as 
in  adult  female.  In  worn  plumage  the  black  of  the  throat  is  less 
obscured,  the  gray  of  the  breast  purer,  and  the  back  less  tawny. 

The  sequence  of  plumages  in  this  species  is  very  interesting.  A 
complete  molt  occurs,  apparently,  from  late  June  to  August,  in 
which  the  males  assume  the  obscured  plumage  and  reddish  brown 
bill  of  the  non-breeding  birds.  From  this,  by  the  abrasion  of  the 
feathers  only  and  without  molt,  the  clear  black,  white  and  gray  is 
obtained  by  the  arrival  of  the  breeding  period,  while  the  bill  grad- 
ually turns  to  a  bright  yellow.  Young  males  hatched  in  April  or 
May,  or  perhaps  earlier,  wear  the  juvenal  plumage  until  the  July 
molt,  assume  the  first  annual  plumage  at  that  time  and  wear  the 
latter  until  the  following  annual  molt,  when  they  obtain  the  adult 
dress.  From  this,  it  appears  that  the  males  are  not  fully  adult  before 
they  are  two  years  old. 

Two  adult  males  of  fruticeti  measure:  Wing  98-101  mm.;  tail  75- 
82;  culmen  13;  tarsus  25. 

Fourteen  adult  males  of  peruvianus  measure:  Wing  91-98  mm.; 
tail  71-80;  culmen  15-16;  tarsus  24-26. 

Four  adult  females  of  fruticeti  measure :  Wing  89-94  mm. ;  tail  74- 
78;  culmen  14J/2-1S;  tarsus  25-27. 

Ten  adult  females  of  peruvianus  measure :  Wing  84-90  mm. ;  tail 
69-76;  culmen  14-16;  tarsus  24-27. 


66    FiELX)  Museum  of  Natural  History — ^Zoology,  Vol.  XII. 

Specimens  examined: 

P.  f.  fruticeti — Chile :  Province  of  Atacama  i  5    i  ?  ;  Coquimbo 
,  1^2$;  Santiago  2  $  ;  Sewell  i  $  ;  Valparaiso  $$    i  9  . 

P.  f.  peruvianus — Peru :  Cajamarca  $  S    3  $  ;  Cullcui,  Marafion 
R.  3  5  ;  Macate  11^  5  $  ;  Matucana  4^2$. 

Cassicus  leucoramphus  peruvianus  subsp.  nov. 

Type  from  mountains  near  Panao,  Peru,  Altitude  10,300  feet. 
No.  54043  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Adult  male.  Collected 
July  7,  1922  by  J.  T.  Zimmer ;  original  number  2523. 

Diagnosis.  Similar  to  C.  I.  leucoramphus*  from  Colombia  but  with 
the  bill  apparently  heavier,  the  culmen  more  arched  and  with  the  blue 
coloration  of  the  basal  portion  more  restricted,  sometimes  not  reaching 
the  culmen  and  not  so  sharply  defined  anteriorly;  the  concealed  collar 
above  and  below  is  restricted  to  the  neck  while  the  bases  of  the  feathers 
of  adjoining  areas  are  dark  gray,  darker  than  in  the  northern  race. 

Habitat.    Temperate  forests  of  central  Peru. 

Description  of  type.  General  color  glossy  black.  Lower  back, 
rump,  and  a  large  shoulder-patch  bright  yellow  (near  Light  Cadmium), 
A  concealed  collar  around  the  neck,  at  the  bases  of  the  feathers  white ; 
bases  of  interscapulars  and  feathers  of  the  breast,  nape,  throat  and 
back  dark  gray  (Gull  Gray).  Crest  long  (27  mm.).  Culmen  more  or 
less  convex.  Bill  Light  Chalcedony  Yellow  on  distal  portion;  base  of 
mandible  and  lower  base  of  maxilla  Indigo  Blue,  the  yellow  on  the 
culmen  reaching  practically  to  the  base.  Iris  light  blue  (near  Parula 
Blue)  ;  feet  black.    Wing  156  mm.;  tail  142;  culmen  32;  tarsus  32. 

Female:  Similar  to  the  male  but  in  the  single  specimen  examined 
the  base  of  the  culmen  is  more  broadly  blue  than  in  any  of  the  males, 
although  this  color  is  more  graduated  anteriorly  and  less  sharply  de- 
fined from  the  terminal  yellow  portion  than  in  C.  I.  leucoramphus. 

In  a  large  series  of  specimens  from  Colombia,  examined  in  this 
connection,  none  show  any  close  approach  to  the  characters  given 
for  the  Peruvian  form.  The  bills  are  less  arched  above,  appearing 
more  slender,  and  the  base  of  the  culmen  in  all  cases  is  blue  well 
beyond  the  nostrils.  The  concealed  white  collar  is  much  broader 
and  usually  involves  the  upper  back,  interscapulars,  chest,  throat  and 

*  Usually  misquoted  as  leucorhamphus.  The  correct  citation  is  Xanthornus 
leucoramphus  Bonaparte,  Atti  della  sesta  Riunione  degli  Scienziati  Italiani  .  .  . 
Milano,   (Settembre  del  1844),  p.405,  Milan,   1845 — Bogota. 


April,  1924.    New  Birds  from  Central  Peru — Zimmer.  67 

sometimes  the  chin,  while  the  bases  of  the  feathers  of  adjoining  areas 
are  paler  gray  (Pale  Gull  Gray).  In  the  type  specimen  of  the  proposed 
new  form  the  shoulder-patch  appears  larger  than  in  any  other  specimen 
I  have  seen,  but  this  seems  to  be  due  to  a  greater  length  of  feather 
rather  than  to  a  larger  extent  of  plumage  involved. 

Dr.  Hellmayr  has  shown  me  a  manuscript  note  of  the  late  Count 
Berlepsch,  in  which  Peruvian  specimens  of  C.  I.  leucoramphus  are  de- 
scribed as  having  the  base  of  the  lower  mandible  (italics  mine),  black- 
ish. Taczanowski  describes  his  Peruvian  birds  in  the  same  manner. 
It  appears  that  the  character  has  been  noted  but  the  difference  from 
Colombian  examples  was  not  suspected. 

Specimens  examined: 

C.  I.  leucoramphus — Colombia :     Almaguer,     Cauca     i  $      i  ?  ; 

Bogota  I  ?;  Laguneta,  Cauca  (10,300  ft.)  2  5  2  ?  ;  Paramo 

de  Tama  35    i  9  . 
C.  I.  peruvianus — Peru:  Mountains  near  Panao  (10,300  ft.)  1  $  ; 

Rumicruz,  Junin  (9,700  ft.)   i  ^    i  ?  . 


